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Strongly typed collections of child objects (parent-child relationships) N-level undo capability A simple and abstract model for the UI developer Full support for data binding in WPF, Windows Forms, and Web Forms Saving objects to a database and getting them back again Custom authentication Other miscellaneous features In all of these cases, the .NET Framework provides all the pieces of the puzzle, but they must be put together to match your specialized requirements. What you don t want to do, however, is to have to put them together for every business object or application. The goal is to put them together once so that all these extra features are automatically available to all the business objects and applications. Moreover, because the goal is to enable the implementation of object-oriented business systems, the core object-oriented concepts must also be preserved: Abstraction Encapsulation Polymorphism Inheritance The result is a framework consisting of a number of classes. The design of these classes is discussed in this chapter and their implementation is discussed in s 6 through 16.

Notice that the compiler has generated a global variable with the mangled name __unep@ fTarget@@$$FYGXXZ$PST04000001 This variable stores the pointer to the native function fTarget A CALLI instruction is used to perform the call to fTagret via the function pointer (CALLI is the abbreviation for call indirect ) Even through a native function is called from managed code here, no P/Invoke metadata is generated All metadata necessary to build the thunk is contained in the CALLI instruction s operand This includes the calling convention and the function arguments If you switch the compilation model for both source files so that main is compiled to native code and fTarget is compiled to managed code, the compiler simply generates vtentry and vtfixup metadata, as well as an interoperability vtable, for fTarget The native caller can invoke fTarget via the interoperability vtable.

Tip The Diagrams folder in the Csla project in the code download includes FullCsla.cd, which shows all the framework classes in a single diagram. You can also get a PDF document showing that diagram at www.lhotka.net/ cslanet/download.aspx.

Before getting into the details of the framework s design, let s discuss the desired set of features in more detail.

The next simple program shows an interesting aspect of function pointers: // PtrToManagedFunccpp // build with "cl /clr PtrToManagedFunccpp" void __cdecl fManaged() {} void __cdecl fManaged2() {} typedef void (__cdecl* PFN)(); int main() { PFN pfn = &fManaged; } In this code, neither fManaged nor fManaged2 are called However, the code in main stores an address to fManaged in a local __cdecl function pointer variable This variable could be passed to a native function To allow a native function that receives this pointer to call fManaged, the function pointer does not refer to fManaged, but to the native-to-managed thunk for fManaged As discussed before, creating this thunk requires vtentry and vtfixup metadata and an interoperability vtable For fManaged2, no interoperability metadata is created, because its address is not used in the program.

A lot of business logic involves the enforcement of validation rules. The fact that a given piece of data is required is a validation rule. The fact that one date must be later than another date is a validation rule. Some validation rules involve calculations, and others are merely toggles. You can think about validation rules as being either broken or not. And when one or more rules are broken, the object is invalid. A similar concept is the idea of business rules that might alter the state of the object. The fact that a given piece of text data must be all uppercase is a business rule. The calculation of one property value based on other property values is a business rule. Most business rules involve some level of calculation. Because all validation rules ultimately return a Boolean value, it is possible to abstract the concept of validation rules to a large degree. Every rule is implemented as a bit of code. Some of the code might be trivial, such as comparing the length of a string and returning False if the value is zero. Other code might be more complex, involving validation of the data against a lookup table or through a numeric algorithm. Either way, a validation rule can be expressed as a method that returns a Boolean result.

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