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Figure 2-1. Mapping the logical layers to technologies The CSLA .NET framework itself will focus on the Business Logic and Data Access layers. This is primarily because there are already powerful technologies for building Windows, web (browserbased and XML-based services), and mobile interface layers. Also, there are already powerful datastorage options available, including SQL Server, Oracle, DB2, XML documents, and so forth. Recognizing that these preexisting technologies are ideal for building the Presentation and UI layers, as well as for handling data storage, allows business developers to focus on the parts of the application that have the least technological support, where the highest return on investment occurs through reuse. Analyzing, designing, implementing, testing, and maintaining business logic is incredibly expensive. The more reuse achieved, the lower long-term application costs become. The easier it is to maintain and modify this logic, the lower costs will be over time.

Figure 9-5. Managed code calling native code via a function pointer For the function main, the C++/CLI compiler generates the following IL code: .method assembly static int32 modopt([mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallConvCdecl) main() cil managed { .maxstack 1 .locals (method unmanaged stdcall void modopt(System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallConvStdcall) *() pfn) // PFN pfn = &fManaged; ldsfld int32** __unep@ fTarget@@$$FYGXXZ$PST04000001 stloc pfn // pfn(); ldloc calli

Note This is not to say that additional frameworks for UI creation or simplification of data access are bad ideas. On the contrary, such frameworks can be very complementary to the ideas presented in this book; and the combination of several frameworks can help lower costs even further.

When I set out to create the architecture and framework discussed in this book, I started with the following set of high-level guidelines: The task of creating object-oriented applications in a distributed NET environment should be simplified The interface developer (Windows, web service, or workflow) should never see or be aware of SQL, ADONET, or other raw data concepts but should instead rely on a purely objectoriented model of the problem domain Business object developers should be able to use natural coding techniques to create their classes that is, they should employ everyday coding using fields, properties, and methods Little or no extra knowledge should be required The business classes should provide total encapsulation of business logic, including validation, manipulation, calculation, and authorization Everything pertaining to an entity in the problem domain should be found within a single class.

pfn unmanaged stdcall void modopt(System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallConvStdcall)()

It should be possible to achieve clean separation between the business logic code and the data access code It should be relatively easy to create code generators, or templates for existing code generation tools, to assist in the creation of business classes An n-layer logical architecture that can be easily reconfigured to run on one to four physical tiers should be provided Complex features in NET should be used, but they should be largely hidden and automated (WCF, serialization, security, deployment, and so on) The concepts present in the framework from its inception should carry forward, including validation, authorization, n-level undo, and object-state tracking (IsNew, IsDirty, IsDeleted) In this chapter, I focus on the design of a framework that allows business developers to use object-oriented design and programming with these guidelines in mind.

After walking through the design of the framework, s 6 through 16 dive in and implement the framework itself, focusing first on the parts that support UI development and then on providing scalable data access and object-relational mapping for the objects Before I get into the design of the framework, however, let s discuss some of the specific goals I am attempting to achieve..

// return 0; ldc.i4.0 ret }

When creating object-oriented applications, the ideal situation is that any nonbusiness objects already exist. This includes UI controls, data access objects, and so forth. In that case, all developers need to do is focus on creating, debugging, and testing the business objects themselves, thereby ensuring that each one encapsulates the data and business logic needed to make the application work. As rich as the .NET Framework is, however, it doesn t provide all the nonbusiness objects needed in order to create most applications. All the basic tools are there, but there s a fair amount of work to be done before you can just sit down and write business logic. There s a set of higher-level functions and capabilities that are often needed but aren t provided by .NET right out of the box. These include the following: Validation and maintaining a list of broken business rules Standard implementation of business and validation rules Tracking whether an object s data has changed (is it dirty ) Integrated authorization rules at the object and property levels

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