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Business rules typically alter the state of the object and usually don t enforce validation at the same time. Still, every business rule is implemented as a bit of code, and that code might be trivial or very complex. The .NET Framework provides the delegate concept, making it possible to formally define a method signature for a type of method. A delegate defines a reference type (an object) that represents a method. Essentially, delegates turn methods into objects, allowing you to write code that treats the method like an object; and of course they also allow you to invoke the method. I use this capability in the framework to formally define a method signature for all validation and business rules. This allows the framework to maintain a list of validation rules for each object, enabling relatively simple application of those rules as appropriate. With that done, every object can easily maintain a list of the rules that are broken at any point in time and has a standardized way of implementing business rules.

If the pointer to the managed function is actually passed to native code, the generated interoperability metadata is necessary to create the required thunk However, if you only use the function pointer within managed code, the interoperability metadata and the thunk are overhead Avoiding this overhead is very simple Remember, a managed function can be called by native code via a thunk, and by managed code directly (without a thunk) Since managed code can call fManaged without using the thunk, it is also possible to define a __clrcall function pointer that refers to fManaged2 This simple modification avoids the interoperability metadata for fManaged: // ManagedPtrToManagedFunccpp // build with "cl /clr ManagedPtrToManagedFunccpp" void __cdecl fManaged() {} void __cdecl fManaged2() {}.

Note There are commercial business rule engines and other business rule products that strive to take the business rules out of the software and keep them in some external location. Some of these are powerful and valuable. For most business applications, however, the business rules are typically coded directly into the software. When using object-oriented design, this means coding them into the objects.

A fair number of validation rules are of the toggle variety: required fields, fields that must be a certain length (no longer than, no shorter than), fields that must be greater than or less than other fields, and so forth. The common theme is that validation rules, when broken, immediately make the object invalid. In short, an object is valid if no rules are broken but is invalid if any rules are broken. Rather than trying to implement a custom scheme in each business object in order to keep track of which rules are broken and whether the object is or isn t valid at any given point, this behavior can be abstracted. Obviously, the rules themselves are often coded into an application, but the tracking of which rules are broken and whether the object is valid can be handled by the framework.

memory allocation from main s execution time Using the integer as an object here is a significant overhead, for the following reasons: The object instantiation is an explicit operation 12 bytes are allocated on the managed heap (the 8-byte object header plus 4 bytes for the integer value) The object s memory is not deallocated when main exits, but when the GC decides to clean it up A tracking handle is used as a local variable All access to the integer object is done via the tracking handle Values, on the other hand, do not have this overhead Compared to the previous example, a loop that uses values as in the sample code before the last one has several benefits as follows: The memory for the value is implicitly allocated on the managed stack as part of main s stack frame when main starts.

Tip Defining a validation rule as a method means you can create libraries of reusable rules for your application. The framework in this book includes a small library with some of the most common validation rules so you can use them in applications without having to write them.

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