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Ch apt er 3 rUB Y S B U IL DING B L OC K S : Da t a , e X p r e S S I O N S , a N D F LO W C O N t r O L

When you use the hash symbol (#) with the curly braces, Ruby notices and tries to evaluate whatever is between the braces. To evaluate means to process it like any other code. So, inside the braces, you say Time.now, which returns the current time. However, when you use single quotes, Ruby doesn t check the string for substitutions before sending it through. Remember that typing a string doesn t mean the user sees it appear you re just creating the string. If you want the user to see it (outside of irb), you need to add a puts to the front, as you saw in the previous section. The String class has a large number of methods you need when doing string manipulation, like concatenation and case-changing operations. The following examples list a few of those methods: irb(main):005:0> "Toronto - Canada".downcase => "toronto - canada" irb(main):006:0> "New York, USA".upcase => "NEW YORK, USA" irb(main):007:0> "a " + "few " + "strings " + "together" => "a few strings together" irb(main):008:0> "Hello" "HELLO".capitalize

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Usage: ./script/generate model ModelName [options]

If you pass a numeric parameter to first or last, you ll get that number of items from the start or the end of the array: x = [1, 2, 3] puts x.first(2).join("-")

[3, 2, 1]

TIP To get a list of methods available for any object, call the methods method using an instance of the object you want to inspect. Type "a string".methods in irb to see all the methods you can call on the String object. If you want to find a certain method, try using grep on that method, too. For example, typing a string .methods.grep /case/ shows all String methods containing the word case.

As you can see from the usage banner, the generator takes a model name as its argument. The model name may be given in CamelCase or under_score format, and options

Arrays are collections of objects, and so are hashes. However, hashes have a different storage format and way to define each object within the collection. Rather than having an assigned position in a list, objects within a hash are given a key that points to them. It s more like a dictionary than a list, as there s no guaranteed order, but just simple links between keys and values. Here s a basic hash with two entries: dictionary = { 'cat' => 'feline animal', 'dog' => 'canine animal' } The variable storing the hash is dictionary, and it contains two entries, as you can prove: puts dictionary.size

2 One entry has a key of cat and a value of feline animal, while the other has a key of dog and a value of canine animal. Like arrays, you use square brackets to reference the element you wish to retrieve. For example: puts dictionary['cat'] feline animal

can be provided if you want to automatically populate the resulting migration with column information. Let s run the generator now to create our first model: Event.

Ruby has a few classes to represent numbers: Fixnum, Bignum, and Float. As the names of the classes suggest, Fixnum and Bignum represent whole numbers and are both subclasses of Integer. Float objects represent real numbers, meaning numbers with a fractional part. As in most programming languages, you can perform basic arithmetic operations in Ruby as you would using a calculator: irb(main):001:0> => 3 irb(main):002:0> => 36868 irb(main):003:0> => -14143 irb(main):004:0> => 0 1 + 2 2323 + 34545 9093 - 23236 343 / 4564

C ha p ter 3 r U B Y S B U ILDI NG B LO C K S : D a t a , e X p r e S S I O N S , a N D F LO W C O N t r O L

app/models/ test/unit/ test/fixtures/ app/models/event.rb test/unit/event_test.rb test/fixtures/events.yml db/migrate db/migrate/001_create_events.rb

As you can see, a hash can be viewed as an array that has names for elements instead of position numbers. You can even change values in the same way as an array: dictionary['cat'] = "fluffy animal" puts dictionary['cat']

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