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Oracle automatically performs crash recovery when a single instance suddenly fails, or when all instances of a multiple-instance Oracle RAC fail. Also, if you shut down your database with the SHUTDOWN ABORT command, Oracle has to perform a crash recovery. Instance recovery is very similar to crash recovery, but it applies to cases where a surviving instance recovers the failed instances in an RAC setup. The essential point about crash and instance recoveries is that you don t apply any backed-up datafiles or archived log files during recovery. Oracle uses only the current datafiles and online redo log files to bring the database up to date. Crash and instance recovery involves the following two-step procedure: 1. Roll-forward step: During this step, formally called cache recovery, the database applies the committed and uncommitted data in the current online redo log files to the current online datafiles. 2. Rollback step: During this step, formally called transaction recovery, the database removes the uncommitted transactions applied in the previous step, using the undo data in the undo segments. As you know, when the database suddenly crashes, not all the committed transactions will have been written to disk. If your database is large, and the redo log files are also large, it can take a long time for the roll-forward and rollback to complete. By using Oracle s Fast-Start Fault Recovery functionality, you can substantially reduce the downtime resulting from system-related outages. The roll-forward phase of a crash recovery uses the redo logs to see what changes need to be applied to disk. Redo application begins at a point in the redo logs known as the thread checkpoint redo byte address. This is the time when the last checkpoint was done before the crash. Because all

ASM files are part of an ASM disk group, which contains all your database files ASM manages a disk group consisting of several disk drives as a single unit, and it spreads the data evenly among all the disks in the group You don t have to change the management of your database if you want to.

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the data in the buffers is written to disk during a checkpoint, only changes after this last checkpoint position will need to be recovered. Fast-Start Checkpointing is the frequent writing of the dirty database buffers in the cache to disk by the database writer (DBWn). Fast-Start Checkpointing is the basis of Oracle s Fast-Start Fault Recovery feature. You can minimize the time required for crash recovery by frequently advancing the checkpoint position. Oracle uses a two-pass technique to perform a recovery using the checkpoints. In the first pass, it determines which blocks in the redo logs need recovery, and in the second pass the database applies the required changes. Starting with Oracle Database 10g, the database automatically performs checkpoint tuning by deciding when to write out dirty buffers with the least impact on throughput. All you have to do is specify the time (in seconds) that a crash recovery should take by setting the FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET parameter. The maximum value for FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET is 3,600 seconds (1 hour) and the default is 0. (If you set the value to more than 3,600 seconds, Oracle resets it to 3,600 seconds.) Even if you set the parameter to a large value, checkpointing is enabled by default. The goal of automatic checkpoint tuning is to write as many dirty buffers and perform checkpointing as frequently as possible without increasing the overhead and hurting database throughput. The following example shows how to set FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET so that crash recovery will take no longer than 1 minute : SQL> ALTER DATABASE SET FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET=60;

switch to an ASM system, because you can use your operating system based files with the new ASM files. Logical concepts such as extents, segments, and tablespaces work the same way under an ASM system. Here s a summary of an ASM storage system: A database is allowed to have multiple disk groups. You can store all of your Oracle database files as ASM files because Oracle sets up a one-toone mapping between an Oracle database file (data files and control files, for example) and an ASM file. An ASM disk group comprises a set of disk drives. ASM disk groups are permitted to contain files from more than one disk. ASM files always spread over every disk in an ASM disk group and belong to one disk group only. ASM allocates disk space in allocation units of 1MB.

An until-do-done loop executes the commands inside the loop until a certain condition becomes true. The loop executes as long as the condition remains false. Here s the general syntax for the until-do-done loop: until condition do commands done The following is a simple example that shows how to use the until-do-done loop. The print command outputs the sentence within the quotes on the screen. The -n option specifies that the output should be placed on a new line. The UNIX command read will read a user s input and place it in the answer variable. The script then will continue to run until the user inputs the answer YES : until [[ $answer = "yes" ]];do print -n "Please accept by entering \"YES\": " read answer print "" done

You can continue to use your existing operating system file systems, raw devices, or OMF files as usual, along with ASM files, or you can migrate all existing file systems to an ASM-based file system.

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